Modelo arquitetural para geração de alertas aplicado ao monitoramento de pacientes em ambiente hospitalar / Architectural model for generating alerts applied to the monitoring of patients in a hospital environment

O aumento nas demandas por gerenciamento, controle e monitoramento das informações na área da automação hospitalar tem promovido um maior volume de pesquisas que são indutoras do processo de inovação tecnológica na área da saúde. Neste contexto, um aspecto considerado importante na automatização do monitoramento de pacientes consiste na eficiência em detectar e informar em tempo hábil as anomalias encontradas nos sinais vitais dos pacientes. O procedimento de notificar as ocorrências dessas anomalias à equipe médica pode ser implementado por meio da geração e envio de alertas (sonoros ou visuais). Verificando a relevância desse tipo de demanda no ambiente hospitalar, o presente artigo descreve uma arquitetura que tem como fundamento a geração e o envio de alertas, cujos dados são advindos de pacientes internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). A premissa foi, portanto, otimizar o processo de comunicação das anomalias detectadas de modo que a equipe médica responsável seja notificada de tais eventos de maneira mais eficiente. A arquitetura de comunicação, definida para o ambiente hospitalar, baseou-se em estudos realizados na UTI do Hospital Universitário Onofre Lopes (HUOL). Tais estudos possibilitaram uma análise de requisitos que permitiu definir um gerador de alertas personalizados, e o envio desses para dispositivos móveis das equipes médicas. O processo de envio dos alertas foi baseado em um algoritmo de escalonamento de tempo real, fazendo uso de um middleware e de computação móvel e distribuída, sendo esses os aspectos inovadores dessa arquitetura.

The increase in demand for the management, control and monitoring of information in hospitals has promoted a greater volume of research that induces the process of technological innovation in healthcare. In this context, an important aspect to consider in the automation of patient monitoring is the efficiency to detect and report anomalies in patients’  vital signs in a timely manner. The procedure for notifying the medical staff of these anomalies can be implemented by generating and sending alerts (either audible or visual). Noting the relevance of this demand in the hospital environment, this paper describes an architecture based on the generation and transmission of alerts, whose data are coming from patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU). The premise was therefore to optimize the procedure for reporting deficiencies so that the medical staff in charge is notified of such events more efficiently. The communication architecture in hospitals, used in this paper, was based on studies conducted at the ICU of the University Hospital Onofre Lopes (HUOL). These studies allowed an analysis of requirements that lead to the definition of a generator of custom alerts, and the sending of these alerts to mobile devices kept by medical staff. The process of sending those alerts was based on a real time scheduling algorithm making use of a middleware and both mobile and distributed computing, which are the innovative aspects of this architecture.

Advanced cerebral monitoring in neurocritical care.

New cerebral monitoring techniques allow direct measurement of brain oxygenation and metabolism. Investigation using these new tools has provided additional insight into the understanding of the pathophysiology of acute brain injury and suggested new ways to guide management of secondary brain injury. Studies of focal brain tissue oxygen monitoring have suggested ischemic thresholds in focal regions of brain injury and demonstrated the interrelationship between brain tissue oxygen tension (P bt O 2 ) and other cerebral physiologic and metabolic parameters. Jugular venous oxygen saturation (SjVO 2 ) monitoring may evaluate global brain oxygen delivery and consumption, providing thresholds for detecting brain hypoperfusion and hyperperfusion. Furthermore, critically low values of P bt O 2 and SjVO 2 have also been predictive of mortality and worsened functional outcome, especially after head trauma. Cerebral microdialysis measures the concentrations of extracellular metabolites which may be relevant to cerebral metabolism or ischemia in focal areas of injury. Cerebral blood flow may be measured in the neurointensive care unit using continuous methods such as thermal diffusion and laser Doppler flowmetry. Initial studies have also attempted to correlate findings from advanced neuromonitoring with neuroimaging using dynamic perfusion computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and Xenon computed tomography. Additionally, new methods of data acquisition, storage, and analysis are being developed to address the increasing burden of patient data from neuromonitoring. Advanced informatics techniques such as hierarchical data clustering, generalized linear models, and heat map dendrograms are now being applied to multivariable patient data in order to better develop physiologic patient profiles to improve diagnosis and treatment.

Monitorización de los pacientes durante la endoscopia gastrointestinal

La seguridad durante los procedimientos endoscópicos no ha recibido la atención apropiada en la literatura publicada. Este análisis es un intento de caracterizar los factores responsables de complicaciones de la endoscopia gastrointestinal. El estudio de todos los determinantes potenciales de procedimientos seguros puede dejar recomendaciones con respecto a la práctica endoscópica que reduciría aún más la baja frecuencia de complicaciones. En la mayoría de los casos no hay una base científica que apoye la contribución de un elemento específico para que la práctica endoscópica sea segura.

Monitoreo del paciente pediátrico de alto riesgo

Para el monitoreo de los niños se usan los mismos principios básicos y equipos que se usan para monitorizar adultos. La morbimortalidad perioperatoria durante la niñez es muy alta y se atribuye principalmente a eventos hipóxicos. El uso rutinario del oxígeno de pulso junto con el capnógrfo han disminuido notablemente la aparición de dichos eventos y percances de la vía aérea, contituyéndose en el más importante avance en el monitoreo del paciente pediátrico desde la introducción del fonendoscopio precordial